Accounts Payable Questions

A loss (or losses) from previous years carried forward in order to offset future earnings. This reduces the tax burden for the years with profit as the accumulated losses are deducted from the taxable profit.

Internal control, as defined in accounting and auditing, is a process for assuring achievement of an organization's objectives in operational effectiveness and efficiency, reliable financial reporting, and compliance with laws, regulations and policies. A broad concept, internal control involves everything that controls risks to an organization.

Internal control is all of the policies and procedures management uses to achieve the following goals.

• Safeguard University assets - well designed internal controls protect assets from accidental loss or loss from fraud.

• Ensure the reliability and integrity of financial information - Internal controls ensure that management has accurate, timely and complete information, including accounting records, in order to plan, monitor and report business operations.

• Ensure compliance - Internal controls help to ensure the University is in compliance with the many federal, state and local laws and regulations affecting the operations of our business.

• Promote efficient and effective operations - Internal controls provide an environment in which managers and staff can maximize the efficiency and effectiveness of their operations.

• Accomplishment of goals and objectives - Internal controls system provide a mechanism for management to monitor the achievement of operational goals and objectives.

Hence, Internal controls are concerned with safeguarding assets.

An invoice or bill is a commercial document issued by a seller to the buyer, indicating the products, quantities, and agreed prices for products or services the seller has provided the buyer. An invoice indicates the buyer must pay the seller, according to the payment terms.

In the rental industry, an invoice must include a specific reference to the duration of the time being billed, so rather than quantity, price and discount the invoicing amount is based on quantity, price, discount and duration. Generally speaking each line of a rental invoice will refer to the actual hours, days, weeks, months etc being billed.

From the point of view of a seller, an invoice is a sales invoice. From the point of view of a buyer, an invoice is a purchase invoice. The document indicates the buyer and seller, but the term invoice indicates money is owed or owing. In English, the context of the term invoice is usually used to clarify its meaning, such as "We sent them an invoice" (they owe us money) or "We received an invoice from them" (we owe them money).

 From the customer point of view, credit is the amount which is deposited into her or his account. And debit refers to that amount which is taken from the account of the customer.